Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Majority rules system - Essay Example For the most part the pioneer is on a vanity job. Second, a theocracy which is a type of rule whereby authority is vested to people of a similar family on the grounds of monetary or money related may. Under present day order there exist various kinds of systems as proposed by Tilly (2007). These are: First fascism which is a system under the rule, one nation, one state, one ruler. A solitary individual has all the forces with no other individual or body to challenge his forces. There exists a solitary ideological group under such authority. The value of such authority is that dynamic procedure is quick on the grounds that the phase of counseling isn't there or is insignificant. The burden is the mistreatment of people’s feelings and abuse of intensity by the despot. Fascism is for the most part energized when there is docility by the general population on a specific chief or numbness with respect to the electorate on another type of administration. The electorate ought to be s harpened on various administration styles and numerous gatherings ought to be given a stage for their development in order to give the open different philosophies to look over. Second, vote based system is essentially governed by the individuals, by the individuals and for the individuals. The benefits of such standard are that need is given to the necessities of the individuals. Pioneers are picked by the individuals and work on their requests. Numerous ideological groups with different philosophies fortify popular government while one gathering framework debilitates it. The presence of numerous ideological groups builds the expense of offering the gathering's belief system to the individuals and the political race process. Federalism This is essentially the guideline of offering forces to assorted bodies and such like organizations. These bodies have the ability to administer freely. The focal government carefully manages expert in security just as outsider arrangement however the se bodies can have overall obligations. Federalism developed because of the longing to keep away from unified standard. The researchers related with federalism pushed for self-sufficiency and assorted variety in organization, strategy making and asset use. They differ on the course of action of having a solitary unit having this position. Federalism in this way removes overabundance powers from a solitary unit to keep away from abuse and wastefulness and appropriates it to different units. As a rule this supports development. Federalism ought to be progressively empowered particularly in states where force is by all accounts given to a solitary organization or ruler. Such a circumstance has made it extremely simple for there to be an abuse of power or mistreatment of the minorities. One of the organizations that could be handily used to dispense forces to various foundations and check these forces is the legal executive. It makes an interpretation of as per the constitution what con trols every single body should gangs in this manner advancing federalism. In many examples parliaments, whenever given an excessive amount of intensity, disheartens federalism. This is the point at which it makes bills and absent a lot of thought to what the open wants passes this bill into law. Equivalent Opportunity Equal open door implies the scratching off of those enactments that would most likely achieve segregations. These may be in the political field, monetary or social. In the past political endeavors were carefully held for men. They involved strategy making workplaces just as usage and organization. Ladies never found the opportunity to have a state. In a general public that has equivalent possibility belief systems; a few variables must be noticeable in the rules directing such equivalent possibility strategy. First there must be the range into which approaches made relate to. Second the deeds to be investigated must be spread out. Third methods of placing into activity the rules just as those in control Last

The Function of Ethics and Financial Services Essay

The Function of Ethics and Financial Services - Essay Example The organization was associated with a misrepresentation conspire whereby Gottlieb and Drabinsky got $7, 000, 000 straightforwardly or through the organization possessed by Gottlieb. $ 4, 000, 000 of the aggregate sum was promoted as the pre-creation costs. Gottlieb and Drabinsky worked a payoff plot with Livent sellers and took the referenced sum from the organization and took into their own pocket. To completely persuade the organization of the exchange, Gottlieb taught the two merchants to introduce a receipt that couldn't uncover their arrangement. Gottlieb and Drabinsky got the installment for sham administrations. In the mid-1990s, it got hard for the organization to accomplish its budgetary objectives. Gottlieb and Drabinsky making the most of their monetary benefit, and thus, the organization needed to hold up under the misfortune. It got hard for the organization to raise extra funding to support its activity. Gottlieb and Drabinsky controlled the organization by guiding Liv ent’s bookkeeping staff to darken the company’s budgetary emergency. A portion of the controls included eradicating the bookkeeping records that recorded the liabilities and costs of the organization toward the finish of every year. The Livent’s bookkeeping staff drew in into a bookkeeping trick of moving the preproduction expenses of existing show to shows that were underway. This exchange controlled the organization to fathom the expense of the significant things utilized underway. To lessen the expenses of preproduction, Livent’s bookkeeping group moved the expenses to fixed resource accounts.... The Livent’s bookkeeping staff drew in into a bookkeeping trick of moving the preproduction expenses of existing show to shows that was underway. This exchange controlled the organization to fathom the expense of the significant things utilized underway. To decrease the expenses of preproduction, Livent’s bookkeeping group moved the expenses to fixed resource accounts. In the end, the organization began charging pay costs and working costs to long haul fixed resources accounts. Livent moved the expense of the shows that were at present hurrying to shows that never existed (Knapp and Knapp n.d, p10). In 1996, Gottlieb and Drabinsky led a plan alluded as the deceitful income creating. This misrepresentation included different multimillion-dollar exchanges sorted out by Gottlieb and Drabinsky. Most exchanges included the rights to deliver Show and Ragtime Boat in various U.S. theaters to Texas organizations. The agreement or understanding of this exchange committed the nee d to have a non refundable charge. In particular, the $11.2 million expense paid by the Texas organization to Livent was non refundable. Nonetheless, the Livent’s administrators organized a mystery side understanding that ensured Texas Company a sensible pace of profit for each huge venture they made. In spite of the genuine development and income that the organization accomplished, the bookkeeping staff profited more while the organization crumbled at a high rate. The last Livent Fraud happened in the late 1997, when Livent opened Ragtime in the Los Angeles Theater. The organization got into a concurrence with the performance center of shutting the show if the week by week deals fell under $500, 000. During that period, Livent went into different exchanges implying to introduce

Nokia Smart Smartphone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nokia Smart Smartphone - Essay Example Nokia Company Nokia is a cell phone organization whose base camp are situated in Finland. The organization began in 1865 through imaginative aptitudes of an architect named Fredrik Idestam. The organization began from humble beginnings yet colossally became throughout the years thrashing political and advertise waves to turn into the biggest cell phone producer on the planet. Be that as it may, Nokia’s piece of the overall industry has been declining throughout the years particularly in the 21 century because of the development of touch screen telephones and exceptional Smartphones from rival organizations. This is a reality since insights guarantee that in 2012, Nokia worked in 150 nations all inclusive, with yearly incomes of 30 billion pounds, and with a worldwide piece of the overall industry of 18.0%, and 3.2 % piece of the pie in advanced mobile phones. All the more along these lines, Fortune Global 500 cases that the company’s position remained at 274th in 2013 r egarding income estimation, a sign that Nokia’s piece of the overall industry is declining continuously. All things considered, Nokia is making a decent attempt to improve its items and deals so as to hold its past piece of the pie. Among the techniques that the organization has advanced is that it has collaborated with Microsoft Corporation in a manner to include up procedure cell phone development and structure. This mix has prompted the advancement of Nokia’s windows telephones like the Nokia Lumia 920. The advancement of the item was an extraordinary improvement for the organization yet the brand didn't effectively hit the market because of replicating by other opponent organizations. Investigators guarantee that the motivation behind why Nokia lingers behind regarding development is on the grounds that it needs satisfactory plan thinking and that it is reliant to its accomplice Microsoft for inventive structures, which respects absence of exceptional models (Hinri chs 2013, p. 11). This is a reality in light of the fact that Nokia has... This paper favors that the gadget additionally has a straightforward and adaptable screen that could be seen at any point without light obstruction and reflections. This element likewise applies to differing clients who manage different undertakings in their every day exercises particularly the outside exercises. This implies the screen of the Smartphone won't be influenced by reflections but instead will have a precise shading, picture differentiate, picture quality or more all adaptable intelligibility. The screen is a significant determiner on client conduct while buying telephones will imply that adaptable and comprehensible screen will pull in a tremendous scope of clients since clients love the uniqueness of the items. This report makes an end that item structuring and inventiveness implies that the organization needs to seriously investigate on fitting items that lines up with the changing patterns since it most recent advanced mobile phone plan Nokia Lumia 525, has extraordinary highlights yet at the same time don't have the necessary uniqueness contrasted with different Smartphones. This implies the company’s configuration group should explore and obtain a piece from other driving organizations like Apple’s configuration group whose item planning is one of a kind and not the same as the rest or more all precisely befits customers’ needs. This is by all accounts the recommendable route for Nokia who holds a solid brand and remarkable client devotion since examiners guarantee that the organization could encounter more decreases in income and piece of the pie if important developments don't occur. Hence, the ball lies on Nokia’s official group to execute fundamental esti mates that will revive the organization from its present defeat in light of the fact that the organization has all the required assets and abilities to succeed and turn into an innovator in the business.

Chickamaugans Win The Battle

Chickamaugans Win The Battle On the times of September 19-20 1863, the Confederate Army of Tennessee occupied with fight with the Army of the United States armed force of the Cumberland in a haunting struggle.We, the south, were attempting to take Chattanooga, Tennessee before Rosecrans, who was likewise attempting to take Chattanooga to pick up its assets. He happened upon us and we withdrew to pool of recognizance. We at that point continued south passed Chickamauga Creek and sat tight for fortifications from Mississippi and Virginia. When the Yankees came, our military was extended to 65,000 troopers, 3,000 more than the Army of the Cumberland.Rosecrans at that point moved passed Chickamauga Creek and into a huge, profoundly, thick timberland which created turmoil on the two sides. General Braxton Bragg, the Confederate general, pushed his men ahead. The battling began. We consentrated to his left side flank and Bragg held three divisions for some other time. It was two days yet on the second day there turned into an alleged hole in Rosecrans blockade.Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery Receives Two Bus ...

Empirical Analysis of Firing Disputes

Experimental Analysis of Firing Disputes Are Common Perceptions on Termination Cases in Mexico Supported by Empirical Data Unique Utilizing an irregular example of cases from the Federal Labor Court in Mexico, this examination breaks down terminating questions in Mexico from an observational viewpoint. Specifically, it centers around introducing proof as to the accompanying three basic discernments on end cases: (I) that they are frequently ended by a settled choice; (ii) that they are amazingly postponed; and (iii) that the last installments acquired by the laborers are very high. The measurable proof proposes that an accentuation in the writing and media on a specific subsample of cases with outrageous attributes (for example arbitrated or advanced procedures) delivers these originations. The examination closes with a short remark in regards to the significance of observational investigations as a method for better understanding legitimate marvels in Mexico. Chapter by chapter list I. Government work councils in Mexico II. Philosophy and Data III. Results and Discussion A. End installments are very high B. End cases are very postponed C. End cases ordinarily go to preliminary IV. End In spite of the fact that the examination of the law in Mexico has changed marginally in the most recent years, Pounds vision adequately mirrors the environment of unadulterated law of the Mexican standard. The investigation of work law in Mexicoâ€the general subject of this researchâ€reflects this logical way. Truth be told, the dominant part of the writing identified with work equity has been doctrinal and regularizing. These investigations frequently disregard real proof of how the legitimate structure influences the lawful reality; and if some proof is introduced, it is simply characteristic or narrative. This doctrinal research figures unmistakably in open arrangement discusses. This investigation withdraws totally from the Mexican standard to the extent that it is an observational examination dependent on case document investigation. The exploration results depend on an irregular example of 3,203 records chose from the Junta Federal de Conciliaciã ³n y Arbitraje (JFCA) chronicle. These documents compare to end cases introduced before the Tribunal 15 of the JFCA (Tribunal 15), a work council (Junta Especial) whose purview incorporates the pharmaceutical, concoction, car, and paper enterprises; and the Tribunal 6 and 8 of the JFCA (Tribunal 6 8), the work courts whose locale incorporates the material business. The period considered reaches out from 1991 to 1998. Note that case document examination has been utilized broadly in different nations with productive outcomes. The goal of this examination is to portray experimentally the end debates in Mexico with regards to the councils broke down. Specifically, it centers around introducing proof as to the accompanying three basic recognitions on end cases: (I) that they are regularly ended by an arbitrated choice; (ii) that they are amazingly postponed; and (iii) that the last installments acquired by the laborers are incredibly high. This article is separated into three areas. The primary segment clarifies the activity of the government work court in Mexico. The subsequent segment depicts the information and the technique. The third area inspects the previously mentioned recognitions on end cases. I. Government work courts in Mexico The JFCA is a managerial court that has a place with the official branch. As a result of this reliance, Mexican legitimate creators have scrutinized its level of legal autonomy. The JFCA comprises of 61 work courts, called Juntas Especiales. Sixteen courts are situated in Mexico City, and the leftovers are scattered all through Mexico. Work courts have the lawful capacity to appease and settle. Truth be told, the LFT commands at any rate one appeasement hearing before preliminary. Among the work councils, ward is dictated by industry. In spite of the fact that the work law straightforwardly advances settlement of questions, it doesn't allow the settlement terms to stay classified. The significant council must endorse the settlement for it to get official. A worker can't believably relinquish the option to sue his manager except if and until the court favors his settlement. Bosses and laborers frequently present a settlement together to the work court essentially to acquire approval, which at that point settles on the understanding authoritative. The endorsement of settlements principally fills in as a component for affirming that the laborer has not disavowed some lawful advantage and for settling on the understanding authoritative at law. Courts must record insights concerning the settlement, for example, the date of the settlement and the sum paid. When a claim is documented, the court with locale over the contest must timetable at any rate one appeasing hearing. At the finish of that meeting, the court plans ensuing hearings for the introduction of proof and for preliminary. Anytime during the procedure, in any case, the suit can be ended by a settlement. The court must support this settlement. Actually, the gatherings can consent to concede hearings in the event that they think they need more opportunity to arrange the provisions of the understanding. On the off chance that no understanding is reached, a tripartite commission made out of a business delegate, a worker agent, and an administration agent may give an honor choosing the debate. Note that the worker may likewise drop the grumbling anytime during the claim. As noted in the tables beneath, dropped claims are normal. An intrigue component, the juicio de amparo, is accessible to challenge the goals of the court. Note that the gatherings can't just test an official conclusion gave by the council, yet in addition different choices that might influence the result of the case, for example, the way that the court told the business about the laborers grievance in an off base way. It is reasonable for express that the extent of audit of the juicio de amparo in labor cases is constrained to secure the fair treatment privileges of the gatherings. II. Strategy and Data Clermont Eisenberg separate legitimate investigations dependent on factual examination into three gatherings relying upon the manner by which the information is amassed. Investigations of distributed legal choices, examines dependent on information delivered by test work or by documented research, and studies including examinations of freely accessible, and normally legislative, databases. The current examination fits into the subsequent class, legitimate research dependent on recorded information. The rationale behind breaking down authentic cases is basic: irregular examples of enormous dockets can furnish us with helpful data to dissect the examples of prosecution in a specific council. This is especially pertinent when there is no data availableâ€or truth be told, exceptionally inadequate informationâ€on how particular kind of legitimate question is settled. Specifically, data with respect to work questions is incredibly broad and loose. The information utilized for this exploration was gotten through an open data demand under the Ley Federal de Transparencia y Acceso a la Informacion Publica Gubernamental, the law that controls the entrance to open legislative data. While a portion of the factors utilized in this examination are viewed as open data under this law, different factors are not open data, and have been acquired under a classification understanding. The classification understanding was haggled with the specialists of the JFCA, who just approved to survey those cases that agreed to the accompanying attributes: (1) shut cases that can't be revived by the gatherings any longer, (2) and cases that had been started in 1998 and no more. Given these imperatives, I had the option to amass an arbitrary example of cases started somewhere in the range of 1991 and 1998 in Tribunal 15 and Tribunal 6 8. Note that these years allude to the dates wherein the cases were introduced before the work councils, and not to the dates where the cases were really explained. There are two principle kinds of cases saw in the example: documented settlements and disputed cases. In documented settlements, the business and representative record a together understanding, which is only sanctioned by the council. In prosecuted cases, the gatherings typically present and produce a few archives, for example, the representatives introductory request, the businesses reaction (assuming any), the terms of understanding came to if the case is settled, the last honor gave by the council if the case isn't settled, and the interests did by the gatherings. Note that contested cases have three potential results: dropped suits, settlements, and preliminaries prompting a ultimate choice gave by a tripartite commission. As referenced previously, a ultimate choice is known as an honor (laudo). Utilizing the data from the archives referenced in this passage, I determined the span and the last installment of the cases took care of by Tribunal 15 and Tribunal 6 8. These computatio ns will be introduced in further tables. A remark ought to be made on the legitimacy and value of the outcomes originating from the information examined. To begin with, the LFT has not been considerably altered since its sanctioning in 1970. Second, and dependent on five meetings with agents of the administration from five government work courts that handle comparative questions, it is sensible to express that the illuminating example of the end debates here depicted is exact and mirrors the present circumstance. III. Results and Discussion A. End installments are incredibly high Some Mexican creators have investigated the LFT from a financial point of view. Essentially, their contention is that the LFT ought to be adjusted to kill every one of those arrangements that make limitations on recruiting, versatility, and end of workers. These legitimate limitations, initially intended to ensure the specialist, produce a higher social expense than advantage. Specifically, these creators guarantee that the LFT raises end costs, lessening the amount of work that a business employs

The Australian Ore Industry The Strategy of Organization - 2750 Words

The Australian Ore Industry: The Strategy of Organization (Case Study Sample) Content: Case studiesNameInstituteCase 1 The Ore Wars: The Australian ore industry1 What is the strategy of the organization?BHP Billitonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strategy is to own and operate large, long-life, low-cost, expandable, upstream assets that are diversified by commodity, geography and market. Its low-cost tier one asset base enhances the resilience of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s cash flow. It achieves this by reducing exposure to any one commodity or currency, providing for more robust performance. It allows the company to invest and grow its business throughout economic cycles, delivering superior long-term value to shareholders. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strategy has remained largely unchanged over a decade and has enabled it to deliver superior margins throughout economic cycles throughout economic and commodity cycles for years. (Rice, 2015).2 What are some of the strategic issues the organization may encounter? (What problems do you envisage in the future?)Scrap metal has emerg ed as a viable alternative to iron ore in the production of steel. One third of the USà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ steel production is from recycled steel. With time, scrap steel will become a more viable substitute for iron ore in developing countries. This is because scrap steel will be more readily available compared to iron ore, which has to be mined. China is the largest car market in the world and as its fleet of cars ages, more scrap steel will be available for recycling. Its success or failure will be determined by how it handles the impending change.3. What theories/concepts could you apply to analyze or solve strategic issues in the organization?China has emerged as the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s largest importer of iron ore, most of which comes from Australia. BHP would do well to cement their relations with the Chinese government to ensure repeat purchases. Although producers prefer the spot market, BHP should gradually move into settling for long term contracts. BHP will feel the pressure of los ing control of pricing but in the long run, business will be guaranteed by the signed contract.BHP could also concentrate its mining activities on its other minerals such as coal, nickel and potash. This will galvanize it against losses from the iron ore business.4. Provide a recommendation to management as if you were a consultant (What would you do if this was your company?)Since vertical integration is already a common organization practice, BHP can look at the possibilities of integrating its business with companies in Russia, which is seen to have vast mineral resources. The communist nature of Russia may be a major impediment but is easier to navigate through compared to the political instability in western Africa. BHP could test the idea of producing both steel and iron ore, much like what has been done by Arrium. The major advantage here would be that the company joins the steel making industry rather than focusing on selling iron ore alone. BHP can also navigate the greates t threat to its business- the use of cheap scrap steel by buying scrap steel from China. It can then refine this steel and re-sell it to other countries. The company can specialize in making steel products, particularly construction steel materials and exploit these to developing countries.Case 2 Coursera and MOOCs: What is the business model?1. What is the strategy of the organization?Coursera was a company that offers online courses from various universities. It also provides peer grading, intuitive instructor interface, a mobile platform and learning analytics solutions. It had a variety of strategies which it thought would generate profit. These strategies according to Delyth (2015) are charging tuition fees for students to access the course material and for performance assessment. Another strategy was to allow third party sponsorships of courses. It could provide prospective employers with the opportunity to assess prospective employees for a given level of expertise in courses provided by having the prospective employees take a set of assessments.2. What are some of the strategic issues the organization may encounter? (What problems do you envisage in the future?)Coursera had partnered with 10 universities while EdX, a competitor partnered with 28 universities. Udacity joined the market, and focused on delivering content to the learner in an approach that is more student oriented, it minimized passive listening.Coursera could find itself with fewer or no learners as its competitors have managed to secure business deals with major industry players. It may not be able to make profit through its employment placement program because Udacity, its competitor has partnered with companies such as Yahoo and Google to place learners in jobs in these companies, for free.3. What theories/concepts could you apply to analyze or solve strategic issues in the organization?The MOOC industry is facing opposition from both students and established traditional universities. Coursera should engage the public and help them understand the benefits of online learning. The public should be made to understand that the chief goal of MOOCs is to make education more accessible for everyone, and that it is not motivated by monetary gains.The company should regularly monitor courses provided by the third parties it has partnered with to ensure quality is not compromised. Additionally, it should incorporate the use of real life examples to help learners better grasp what is being taught.4. Provide a recommendation to management as if you were a consultant (What would you do if this was your company?)Coursera should adopt a learner focused strategy. It should, if need be, increase the number of teaching staff who will be available to help individual learners over the web. Learners can ask questions and get assistance from tutors. The company can contract these tutors so that they can attend to learners only when required. This would lower salary costs as teachers are only paid for each time they render their service.Coursera should work to provide courses that impart skills that are in high demand in the job market. It should effectively guide prospective learners on the course suitable to them. In addition to the current job placement program, Coursera should start an internship program where learners get the option of interning at a company for a short period. After completion of course work, learners will therefore be able to transition faster into jobs, making Coursera the number one MOOC.Case 3 Taylors Wines: from good to great? 1 What is the strategy of the organization?The Taylors Wine company revised its strategy in 2012 which among other things reduced expected future growth and profit rates to reflect changes in the market conditions which occurred following the GFC. The company depended heavily on its two key customers and two key products. The new strategy targeted a lower number of countries and diversified its customer base whi le reducing product portfolio. It worked to change its business from being a production-oriented winemaker to a marketing-oriented wine supplier as observed by Hubbard (2015). The local sales force operating in Australia would be reorganized to increase sales productivity.2. What are some of the strategic issues the organization may encounter? (What problems do you envisage in the future?)Taylors Wines reduced its product portfolio, going against diversification. In essence, Taylors Wines would be going back to its initial woes where it depended on two key products. Wine in Europe is becoming popular by the day and it would make sense for any wine producing company to have as many of its wine brands out there. By choosing to limit its portfolio to two products, Taylors Wines will lose business to competitors. In the future, Taylors Wines will have more competitors who will maximize on Taylorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ inability to properly package the product, and this will give them leverage.3. W hat theories/concepts could you apply to analyze or solve strategic issues in the organization?Taylor wines also decided to reduce its target countries. It is effectively locking itself out to opportunities that exist in countries which are not primarily wine consumers. The company should have instead ventured to new territories and introduced its line of wines. As more business enter the wine making industry, the market will continue to grow small. The businesses which will survive this daunting reality are those that will venture out to establish new market. Achieving a worldwide presence will do more for such companies as they will be regarded as consistent, and be able to sustain their business performance.4. Provide a recommendation to management as if you were a consultant (What would you do if this was your company?)I would ask company management to properly scrutinize plans before adopting them. Taylors should be made aware of the view that outsiders have of them [owners] an d the company. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s management should take timelines seriously and realize that change happens every day and they risk losing their business if they continue to hang on to age old managerial practices. Taylor Wines should consult experts more often to get a second opinion on pertinent matters. The management should improve the appearance of its cellar door as online sales are largely based on visual representations of commodities.Case 4: Berry Street: we never give up1. What is the strategy of the organization?According to Hubbard (2015), Berry Street regionalized its services which developed somewhat differently because of local needs. The organization did not move directors of regions in order to give them experience as part of its leadership development program. The management of the organization was largely based on trust and relationships.2. What ...

The Scope Of Competency For Counseling Psychologists

Abstract This paper explores the difference between the scope of practice and the scope of competency of psychology subfields. This paper also elaborates on examples of professional fields in relation to scope of practice and scope of competency. Included research helps identify and elaborate more specifically on counseling psychologists and how the code of ethics is applied. The scope of practice for counseling psychologists includes helping individuals explore and recognize his/her strengths and identify a fitting-career and/or ways to cope with work problems between others. The scope of competency for counseling psychologists adheres to the same benchmarks that other practicing psychologists must follow, including the process of informed consent. It is important that all professionals in the field of psychology familiarize themselves with the APA code of ethics as well as the ACA competency benchmarks in order to be most successful in both practicing psychology and conducting future and on going research. Code of Ethics: Amanda Amanda is at the brink of a mid-life crisis. She thought she made the right decision moving to another state to pursue a life that was very different from her previous one. See, Amanda had moved all of her life and making new friends and adjusting is just what she did. Adaptability was merely a part of her. Making choices about what career to pursue or what university she would attend were fairly easy decisions because one thing she couldShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Teamwork And Health Care1409 Words   |  6 Pagespatients identified with eating disorders. The team would include a registered nurse, a dietician, a nurse practitioner and a psychologist. 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According to Meyer Kurtz, (2006) in personality testing objectives are â€Å"instruments in which the stimulus is an adjective, proposition, or question that is presented to a person who is required to indicate how accurately it describes his or her personality using a limited set of externally provided response options (true vs. false, yes vs.Read MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Playing Both a Therapeutic and a Forensic Role: the Difference3154 Words   |  13 PagesApril 20, 2013 Abstract There are specific differences between forensic psychologists and counseling psychologists/therapists. Not just the obvious differences such as the forensic psychologist being retained by the courts, prosecution, or defense, and the counseling psychologist performing therapeutic treatments and sessions to help the client/patient heal, but other ethical differences that enable the forensic psychologist to disclose his/her finds to the entity that has retained him/her to assess

Internet and Itss Services. - 5106 Words

Internet and its services. Richard Zuber DL Efficient and Effective Self-Expression BC302 Bill Bagatelas Research Paper 11/24/2001 Working with Internet does not mean just browsing www and sending and receiving e-mails. The Basic Structure of the Internet was developed through last 30 years of existence of the Internet. The Internet is a heterogeneous worldwide network consisting of a large number of host computers and local area networks. The Internet uses the TCP/IP suite of protocols. This allows the integration of a large number of different computers into one single network with highly efficient communication between them. This way, the user can access information on all kinds of host computers from a desktop PC, Macintosh, or†¦show more content†¦Listserv, the most popular program for managing discussion lists also handles subscription via mail messages, archives incoming messages, and allows users to retrieve these and other archived files. Thousands of discussion lists focusing on all kinds of topics exist on the Internet. Topics range from various hobbies, political discussions to operat ional aspects of different computer systems and research questions. For the user, discussion lists are an easy way to identify and contact a large number of people with similar interests. A discussion list can also be considered as a worldwide forum for expressing views and discussing opinions. While messages are automatically sent to all subscribed users in the case of a discussion list and one has to be subscribed in order to receive the messages, messages in Netnews are distributed between a net of servers. Messages are organized in a hierarchy of newsgroups. Incoming messages are stored for a particular period in a publicly accessible area. Each user can connect to this area, browse through the stored messages, and respond to any one of them. This way Netnews allows for a better overview of ongoing discussions but requires the user to actively connect to the respective area. One of the reasons for the creation of a computer network like the Internet was to give users access to remote computers and to allow them to transfer files to and from this machine. These are typical demands forShow MoreRelatedCompensation And Benefits Of Employees921 Words   |  4 PagesYou are the HR manager of a relatively new retail company that has both retail stores and Internet sales. Your company is steadily growing in revenue and profitability. The company realizes that in order to retain the solid, highly productive workforce it currently has in place, it is important to enhance the base compensation and benefits package offered to the employees. The company currently offers a basic compensation program and only federally mandated benefits. Employee surveys suggest theRead MoreColorado Coalition Against Sexual Assault987 Words   |  4 Pageswebsite was going to be more precise than how she would exactly word it. CCASA is a membership organization that promotes safety , justice, and healing for survivors of sexual assault while working to eliminate sexual violence (CCASA, 2016). CCASA services Colorado communities only and have a vision that Colorado communities believe and support survivors, hold perpetrators accountable, and take action to end sexual violence (CCASA, 2016). CCASA has a list of core values that are followed that helpRead MoreApples Profitable but Risky Strategy2540 Words   |  11 Pagescompany to setback and achieve a competitive advantage against its competitor and rival is called competitive strategy. This type of strategy is frequently used in marketing, promotion and advertising operations by somehow questioning the rivalrys service or product. Competitive strategies are vital to businesses which are competing in markets for the leading position, the market which is deeply saturated with substitutes for consumers. (Porter,2008). This case study is truly about the competitiveRead MoreIndustrial Training Report2225 Words   |  9 Pagesimagination from both of you. Besides, this internship program makes me realized the value of working together as a team and as a new experience in working environment, which challenges us every minute. Not forget, great appreciation go to the rest of ITS’s staff that help me from time to time during the project. The whole program really brought us together to appreciate the true value of friendship and respect of each other Great deals appreciated go to the contribution of my faculty - Faculty of Business

The Fiction Genre Of Gothic Fiction - 1963 Words

The Literary fiction genre of Gothic, including Crime and Horror, usually features a figure of Otherness as either the protagonists of antagonists of the story. The noun Otherness is used in this context to describe a being that is different from the norm. This could be a creature that is not human at all or an individual as representation of a minority group in the human society, in either race, class, sexuality or gender. These figure often have the function of discussing issues, such as homosexuality or gender inequality. â€Å"Gothic fiction of the nineteenth century specifically used the body of the monster to produce race, class, gender and sexuality within narratives about the relation between subjectivities and certain bodies.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The most famous vampire however, is Bram Stoker’s â€Å"Dracula†, antagonist of the eponymous novel that was first published in the year 1897. Since its popularity in Victorian Gothic literature, the v ersatile creature has never lost its position as one of the most used monsters in fiction, not only restricted to the genre of Horror. The vampire is able to adapt to every generation without any difficulties and thereby avoids being exposed in its Otherness. In Victorian times as well as contemporary times, the vampire is used to raise attention to social anxieties and fears about differences in mankind. In the early nineteenth century, one of the biggest threats to humanity were contagious illnesses, such as tuberculosis and syphilis. After the fast increasing of cities during the Industrialisation, illnesses spread more quickly and every member of society could be infected. Being turned into a vampire was often used as an image of the outbreak of a lethal illness. One the most apparent similarities between a lethal disease and the transformation to a vampire is the infectiousness through blood or other bodily fluids. The way Dracula’s victims are infected is through exchan ge of blood, which is how sexual transmitted diseases, like syphilis or nowadays the similarly as lethal AIDS, are carried. Bruce Hale offers a description of the development of cholera in Victorian times: â€Å"thirst and dehydration; sever pain in the limbs, stomach, and abdominal muscles; a change skin hue to aShow MoreRelatedGothic Fiction Genre in Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe and Flannery O’ Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find571 Words   |  2 Pagesthe old mans heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage.† –â€Å"Tell Tale Heart† by Edgar Allen Poe The Gothic fiction genre has been known for its gory and gruesome imagery ever since the 1800s. This genre has flourished from one generation to another into many other sub-genres including the Southern Gothic. With â€Å"Tell Tale Heart† Edgar Allen Poe out does himself with his incredibly brutal descriptions as seen in the quote above. In an ongoing battle ofRead MoreThe American Gothic in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe end of the eighteenth century brought about the beginning of a new genre of literature in America; the American Gothic. Already a popular genre in Europe, this new strain of literature in America arose to create a rather abrupt contrast to the Enlightenment foundations upon which American was born. Instead of concerning subjects of liberty and the pursuit of happiness; key elements of the American dream, American Gothic literature embodies and gives voice to the dark nightmare that is theRead MoreReading Respon se # 3 : Code Breaking1173 Words   |  5 PagesCode-breaking I have, until this point in this course, complained that, with few exceptions, Science Fiction as a genre never seems to quite reach a critical mass where it can achieve breakaway-velocity and leave its rather conservative orbit of binary gender (and heteronormativity) behind. There seems to have been many times when the genre has tiptoed close to the edge of gender-binarism (for instance, in its sub-genre of feminist utopias), only to scurry away from the assumed precipice and remain firmly ensconcedRead MoreLiterary Critics Of Edgar Allan Poe1693 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognize him for. His long and intriguing stories about mystery and the macabre are just some examples of his classic writings. At first, Edgar Allan Poe was referred to as the inventor of the modern detective story and a specialist in the science fiction genre. It was not until later in his life that people began to acknowledge him as one of America s first admirable literary critics. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts, on January 19th, 1809. His parents, David Poe Jr. and ElizabethRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher, By Edgar Allen Poe1015 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly associated with the Science Fiction and Horror genres, E.T.A Hoffman’s â€Å"The Sandman† is, in fact, a work of Gothic prose as it identifies with all of the classic literary elements of this genre and the epistolary form only aids in these elements. Gothic Literature embodies the elements of the grotesque, the unknown, death/decay, liminal spaces, and romance, â€Å"The Sandman† has many common elements throughout in likeness with other great works of Gothic fiction, including Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Impact Of Romanticism In Jane Austens Northanger Abbey1500 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the many joys of reading is that a great novel can transport you to a completely different realm, dimension, or world. There are many genres of books that can do so, but one of the most important ones during the Romantic era w as gothic literature. In Jane Austen’s novel, Northanger Abbey, it is clear that she is commenting on the impact of gothic literature during this era. Austen creates this commentary based on the continual exaggeration and use of the word ‘horrid’ by characters, CatherineRead MoreMagic Realism And Gothic Literature905 Words   |  4 Pagesto the traits of gothic literature and magic realism because they both show life threatening situations. It is also different however, because Magical Realism is more relatable to a person with a normal life that has been interrupted with strange events, while in Gothic Literature one cannot connect as much to the character’s life. Gothic literature is pleasing horror or dark literature. Edgar Allen Poe’s The Fall Of The House Of Usher† is a good example of gothic literature becauseRead MoreMary Shelley and Flannery OConnor: Gothic Isolationists1724 Words   |  7 Pages Gothic fiction is a genre of literature that combines fiction, horror and Romanticism with a particular focus on the mysterious and supernatural aspects. Gothic fiction originated in England during the latter half of the 18th century. This distinctive genre of literature soon developed into a 19th century phenomenon. The success of this dominant genre in England is frequently attributed to Mary Shelley. Despite its success during this time period, gothic fiction ceased to be a dominant genre byRead MoreFemale Gothic The Monsters Mother Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesFemale Gothic: The Monster’s Mother In Ellen Moers’ critical essay Female Gothic: The Monster’s Mother (1974) on Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, she argues that Mary Shelley’s story is greatly influenced by her experience of motherhood. This essay uses the historical approach, biographical, and formalist approach at point. Moers references the cultural context of the novel, Mary Shelley’s experience as a woman and mother and how that influenced her writing, and focuses on the genre of the novelRead MoreThe Secret Life of Bees and How It Is Classified Under the Southern Gothic Genre792 Words   |  4 PagesThe Secret Life of Bees within the Southern Gothic Genre Most southern gothic literature deals with the disturbed and flawed characters; one of the most famous writers of this genre is Edgar Allan Poe. The southern gothic genre is characterized by grotesque, gruesome, or unbelievable incidents. The southern gothic genre is portrayed in many ways. Lily, the main character, goes through many difficult life experiences and learns many tough lessons. This book does not have a happy ending like a fairy

Biomimicry is a New Science to Solve Humans...

Biomimicry What is biomimicry? From bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate Biomimicry is a new science where entrepreneurs imitate nature’s time-tested processes, systems and designs to solve human’s sustainability problems. Sustainability Problem The sustainability problem referred to in this research project is the high energy consumption of air-conditioners in industrial facilities but also in households and its global and personal health problems (National Geographic online). There is too much money and electricity spent on air-conditioning all around the world, and percentages are rising. Air-conditioners have a negative impact on the environment as they can release refrigerants into the atmosphere, which deplete the ozone layer. Health hazards can also occur if air-conditioners are not maintained properly, as dirty filters allow allergens and pesticides to enter house and buildings. Nature’s solution Termites build some of the most impressive structures in the animal world, consisting of materials such as soil, dung and termite saliva and can be 8m high. The extremely porous walls allow ventilation and cooling systems, due to outside air being able to permeate the entire structure. Hypothesis: Modeling houses, offices, malls and other large buildings according to the principles of termite mounds would serve as a sustainable solution, as it would save money and decrease the amount of energy consumption.

`` Dad, Can I Please Get A Nose Job - 1512 Words

â€Å"Dad, can I please get a nose job?† I was only 15 when I asked that question. Six months later, after my freshman year of high school, I was being hooked up to an I.V. at 7:00 am, ready to go under the knife. The huge bump on my nose always bothered me when I looked at pictures of my profiled face. It seemed like every woman I was surrounded by, both celebrities who have gotten plastic surgery, and even my friends who never had plastic surgery, had a cute, smooth, feminine nose. I wanted to look like them—I wanted my nose to fit in with all the other girls’ noses. No one would even second-guess a teenager getting a nose job in Los Angeles because it has become apart of the culture. Growing up in L.A. I have been surrounded by the†¦show more content†¦Then maybe the mirror stops tormenting you†(Tandy). In her 2005 essay â€Å"The Pitfalls of Plastic Surgery,† Camille Paglia condemns the â€Å"routine† plastic surgery middle-aged women receive in order to fit society’s youthful mold. Even though she acknowledges the artfulness that can go into the cosmetic surgery, Paglia despises the â€Å"generic cookie cutter sameness.† With the advancement in the medical technology and the accessibility of treatments like Botox, the amount of women who receive surgery has drastically increased over the past ten years. Due to the withstanding social expectations for a youthful, feminine appearance, I agree with Paglia s argument that women are constantly pressured to go under the knife in order for their aesthetics to meet cultural standards. By opening her essay with a bold, positive claim contrary to the rest of her views on Plastic surgery, Paglia successfully addresses the merits of cosmetic surgeons. She addresses how â€Å"plastic surgery is a living sculpture†¦people have become their own works of art †(Paglia 692, 1). Usually, when one thinks of a sculpture, he or she would imagine something like the Venus de Milo, something that is admired by anyone who sets his or her eyes upon it. It is apropos for one to applause the time and effort it takes for an artist to create a sculpture before criticizing his or her work. Plastic Surgeons are the artists of humans—it takes years of

International Oil and Gas Arbitration

Question: Critically evaluate the significance of an Arbitration Clause in the context of an Oil Gas contract. Answer: Every country is dependent on oil and gas for its economic development and its citizens can accomplish their day to day activities smoothly. After the second world war, along with the industrial revolution, the consumption of energy also increased. Not all countries have rich natural resources for exploration or they are not developed enough to explore them with advanced technology. Therefore, many international companies conduct exploration in the countries which are not well equipped to do it themselves. There comes the need for agreements between the host country and international oil and gas companies. These projects involve a very high investment amount and so comes lots of risk with it. Since two governments are involved in it, so it becomes a matter of their relationship and terms and conditions on which they both agree. Also, the product involved is petroleum, which has a lot of strategic importance to both nations. So, most of the times they choose arbitration method to solve the disputes (Alqurashi, 2005). Over the years, due to many laws and agreements between host countries and international companies, many arbitral awards have been published which are related to oil and gas industry. These laws and agreements became the raw material from which international law for oil and gas industry were drawn. There were lots of issues (investments, time period) which needs to be under some jurisprudence, in order to deal with them. To lure international petroleum companies, host countries try to generate their interest by various means as discussed below: License to explore: Initially in order to lure foreign companies, nations uses to give various concessions or license to explore and produce from its petroleum resources. Due to this, later on they were left with very little control of their own countrys resources. This resulted in lower profits, disputes and frustration to the citizens of the host country. Production sharing agreement: This is done mainly by those countries which lack technical and financial capability and so has to depend on someone to explore in their own land. The main benefit that the host country has that in case the foreign company fails to get any resource facility from the host country, then they have to bear all the failure cost. But if they get any suitable petroleum resource, they will share the profit with the host country (Otero Castrillo, 2013). Participation agreement: In this case, both the host country and foreign company invest to explore and locate for petroleum sites. For this they may form a new entity or can have a joint agreement. Common contractual provisions: In order to protect the interest of the host country and to make them feel secure, there are some contractual provisions like: local labor, training, obligations of domestic marketing, transparency with data, insurance, management etc. Key principles of contract formation in international commercial transactions and key international law principles and trends in the oil and gas sector: There are so many things that both international company and host countries have to consider before they make a deal. They both have to adjust to each other which is only possible if they understand each others requirements and interests. The deal may be of a long time period and they need to understand that environment does not remain same during that period. There can be a political turmoil, natural disasters, war, etc. they have to work for the mutual interests of each other. The host country has to understand that they have to provide safe and secure environment to the people of foreign oil company (Lake, 2007). Also the company has to keep in mind that there can be at times, some inevitable circumstances when things may not go there way, but still they should not compromise with the sovereignty like bribery, corruption, foul pla y. Some of the things to be considered are given below: Political Unrest: Since these projects involve very high capital investment, foreign companies should have far sighted vision to evaluate expected risks and its effects. Political unrest can occur at times of war, riots terrorism. A very recent example is about Turkey, which is in Headlines due to lots of political unrest in the country which was not expected by many. There can be many reasons for it that can be beyond the vision of investor an so they should be prepared to face such issues. Under such circumstances, even the current contracts and agreements are of no value. So a company should only invest in foreign countries in case they have some provision to provide compensation for the damage they faced under unfavorable political conditions. Export credit agencies: Some banks like Overseas Private Investment Corporation (US) give insurance on political risks. There are some countries that are coming out of dictatorship rules or market downfall and so are not very creditable to invest. In such countries, investors can seek insurance, though it can be very expensive and impose strict rules. Since they work with governments of host countries, they make a pressure on governments to protect investors and abide by the rules of the agreements (Talus, 2012). Also in case of dispute, both parties may want it to be settled in their respective courts. Therefore, they should finalize initially only about such issues. Currency risks: These risks can arise the investment is done in a particular currency and its products are sold in another currency. This will result in abrupt changes in the projects stability and profitability. This may not be revealed in accounts figures, but is actually happening. Safety: Investing companies may have lots of safety concerns like kidnapping, robbery, terrorism, physical or mental torture, threat to ladies or children. So safety norms that a company wants should be formulated before like CCTV cameras at sites, guards, fenced sites and houses. The helpers and drivers given should be properly verified of their background. Bribery: There can also be circumstances when foreign companies may try to bribe the officials of the host country to fulfil their vested interests. Some officials take the bribery and do the agreements as per the companies wish and then whole nation has to pay for it. To avoid such situations, many countries have made strict (FCPA law of the US) laws and fines along with imprisonment in case anyone has found guilty (Besche, 2016). Trainings: Foreign companies cannot take all the staff from their own country and have to take some employees from the host country. For this they have to give some trainings to the people of the host country. The training is mandatory for them to give and to take some officials on key positions of the project. They have to take training for the employees of foreign companies. The salary and perks given to them should be equivalent to the one given to the staff of foreign companies. Effectiveness of international law in addressing the environmental impact of oil exploration and exploitation: It became a very common practice for the oil and gas companies to abandon the land after exploiting it to the maximum and the cost to decommission it was very high. No one noticed this thing initially and this practice was continued for many years. This issue grabbed a lot of attention when Shell Oil declared that they will abandon the Brent Spar (oil storage floating on water). Greenpeace, an environmental organization objected this decision and asked it to decommission the oil storage spot (Brent Spar). Therefore, Shell had to decommission the spot and the cost that they had to pay to do it was quite high. Now, there are several international rules and conventions that ensure the decommission of the site by the oil and gas company. In 1958, UN passed a law that asks for removal of petroleum sites. Around 38 countries signed that convention since few countries were able to completely remove the offshore oil and gas facilities. Some countries faced few problems as they have some commitments to the petroleum companies by which they have to abide by. In 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) was passed, effectively superseding the 1958 Convention. UNCLOS contemplates the partial removal of offshore facilities (Alramahi, 2013). There are certain set standards that give guidelines for decommissioning of the abandoned facilities. For example International Maritime Organization says that something that is built in less than 100 mt. of water should be completely removed and in case it is built in deeper water then it should be partially removed. Demonstrate a critical understanding of the importance of oil and gas law: Most of the disputes that occur in commercial transactions of petroleum products are between the international oil companies and the host country. Both belong to different countries and have different laws as per their respective interests. Hence comes the importance of an international law, which can address the interests of both parties like national sovereignty, treaties and laws. Sovereignty: Sovereignty gives the right to nations to have their control of its natural resources and people of its country. Even if the government privatize certain things, but still it has every right to make nay changes in the ownership or taxes if required for the public and countrys benefit. This also gives them the power to expropriate the property of foreign companies. There can be times when the government changes and the new one wants changes and accordingly make legal changes which everyone has to abide by (Bowman, 2015). This gives a scope to a nation that it can take decisions for its own vested interests. Here comes the need for some international laws. International laws try to solve issues like this by refraining courts to make changes in laws that are dealing with international matters. Also, this law considers sovereign immunity according to which a nation and its resources cannot be sued in the other nations courts. So in case government wants to take a property fr om a foreign company, they cannot do this without appropriate compensation. In case there is a dispute of violating some terms of a contract between some host countrys company and foreign oil company, most of the nation consider that it does not snoop into the nations integrity. This is called restrictive theory of sovereign immunity. Treaties and Conventions: Agreements that are signed between countries can be in any form like conventions, protocols, pacts or treaties. Treaties are the agreements that are singed between either two countries (bilateral) or many nations (multilateral). Conventions just like treaties, but the number of nations signing it are very high. These all agreements form the basis of International law. All these treaties, conventions are the sources from where international law is made. Whenever there is any dispute, these treaties and international agreements help to solve the disputes (Balogun, 2001). Ratification of a particular convention represents the legal obligation of a participating nation to apply the convention. Some of the treaties are: Vienna Convention, United Nations Convention, the Hague Convention, New York Convention. Civil Law and Common Law Legal Systems: Domestic laws of the host country and one or more countries that are involved in the oil and gas transactions are different. So has to be a common law or civil law which is capable to resolve the disputes fairly (Scott, 2009). In case of a civil law, all the issues are solved by civil codes. There is no influence of their previous decisions or other courts. Whereas in case of common law courts, they do lots of probing into the matter before trials in court. The civil course doesnt do much of probing or interrogatories in order to solve the dispute (Soni Chatterjee, 2014). So, it becomes very important to know these systems of law and decide prior to any dispute that which legal system will be followed. Corrupt Practices Act: Some countries like The United States have domestic laws that regulate the foreign conduct of its citizens. It has an act called FCPA, which exclusively deals with such cases to protect its business. Many other nations also have such laws that control exports. Although this has discouraged the foreign companies to invest in the US. Such foreign controls has been decreased with the times as nations have understood the economic benefits of As free trade with their countries (Daintith, 2011). Conclusion: So, we can say that international law emerged from various conventions, treaties, cultures, protocols, pacts etc., which are signed between different nations to come to some common consensus on issues related to trade and also to resolve disputes. Since different nations have different laws based on its culture and circumstances and when organization of one country work in another, a lot of issues needs to have a common law that governs its proceedings and disputes. Also, to get fair benefit from this association, some arbitration has to be involved. We studied various aspects of this law by which it helps international trade to happen smoothly with the benefit of everyone. Bibliography Alqurashi, Z. A., 2005. International Oil and Gas Arbitration. Arbitrating International Petroleum Disputes: an Analysis of Key Substantive Law Issues, January. Alramahi, M., 2013. International oil and gas contracts and deal making, Available at: https://my.laureate.net/Faculty/webinars/Documents/2013June_International%20Oil%20and%20Gas%20Contracts%20and%20Deal%20Making.pdf Balogun, O. A., 2001. Nigeria: Legal Framework Of The Nigerian Petroleum Industry. Nigeria: Legal Framework Of The Nigerian Petroleum Industry, 03 April. Besche, A. D., 2016. Oil and gas - international law. Oil and gas - international law, Available at: https://www.adeb.no/en/system/oil-and-gas-international-law/ Bowman, J., 2015. International Arbitration. LEX PETROLEA: Sources and Successes of International Petroleum Law, February, Available at: https://www.kslaw.com/library/newsletters/EnergyNewsletter/2015/February/article1.html Daintith, T., 2011. Principles of oil gas Law: Sydney Law School, Available at: https://sydney.edu.au/law/news/docs_pdfs_images/2010/Dec/Principles_Of_Oil_and_Gas_Law.pdf Lake, L. W., 2007. PEH:International Oil and Gas Law. PEH:International Oil and Gas Law, Available at: https://petrowiki.org/PEH%3AInternational_Oil_and_Gas_Law Otero, C. Castrillo, G., 2013. Reflections on the law applicable to international oil contracts. The Journal of World Energy Law Business Advance, 14 March.pp. 1-34. Scott, R. F., 2009. Oil supply, Oil security and environmental objectives in international law: EOLSS, Available at: https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/E1-36-02-01.pdf Soni, A. Chatterjee, A., 2014. Governance of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Sector in India: A Status Note: TERI-NFA, Available at: https://www.teriin.org/projects/nfa/pdf/working-paper-15-Governance-of-the-petroleum-and-natural-gas-sector-in-india-a-status-note.pdf Talus, K., 2012. OGEL Ten Years Special Issue: Internationalisation of Energy Law. OGEL Ten Years Special Issue: Internationalisation of Energy Law.

Auditing & Assurance Auditors Professional Ethics †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Assurance Auditor's Professional Ethics. Answer: Evaluation Of Risks In Business Of Hih Insurance Limited The prospects of incident of the losses more than the expected profits or occurrence of proceeds lower than expected in any business are called Business risks. These risks generally happen where the nature of business is very complex and management is not able to follow the generally accepted accounting principles it their true manner. These risks in any organization are pressurized by the various factors of business like management knowledge, management decision making power, the financials events of the organization related to sales, purchase, inventory, expenses, income, economic conditions, market forces, rules and regulation laid down by the government of the countryside in which business works. Business risks present in the given situation are Operational Business Risk. These risks generally occur due to the failure of management of organization in day to day business operations. In the present case of HIH Insurance Limited, the operations of the company in relation to investme nt creates the risk for the company as the company is investing in high risk profile stocks. The writing off whole investments in FAI shares in year 2000 by company creates huge losses in the income statements of the company results in presenting the operational financial losses to company. These risk can be assessed by the possibility of not achieving the company's objective of high returns. Along with operational risk reputational risk is also present in HIH Insurance and this can enumerated with demerger of Winterthur and change of name of company to HIH Winterthur to HIH Insurance Limited in 1998. This risk can evaluated by the degree of losing faith by third party in company's policies and procedures and the loss of revenue that company was facing causes slow death of HIH Insurance Company in March 1999. (Brumfield, 2010 and Jiangbo, 2003). Involvement And Recognition Of Inherent Risk Factor In Reporing Following are the inherent risk features that would increase the inherent risk assessment in HIH Insurance Company: Character of business of company- The insurance business in which company operates is highly risky business and involves lot of assessments in relation to claims and investment. The dependence of the insurance business is the re-insurance and investments and the company made wrong decision due to incompetency of the top level management while making investment decisions. Audit Observations of the previous year audits- In HIH company the auditor of the company is not able to clearly identifies the investment and change in management risks. The error is continues in subsequent years as well and the substantive measure are not taken by the company in order to lower the risk in company investment and management. Even after demerger with Winterthur, the company has purchased FAI shares, Marine Fire Insurance. Transaction with related parties- The company has purchased FAI shares from one of the Non Executive Director at a price more than the arm's length price and this fact is intentionally misstated in the financial statements of the company. Repeated engagement of Auditor- Even after the huge losses the company has paid $ 1.7 million and $1.631 million in the year 2000 to the auditor of the company and the risk of not identifying the problem at start level is not considered in the plan of audit by the auditor. Embezzlement of Assets- The company has written off the investment of $ 400 million which the company invested in FAI shares at zero value in September 2000 makes it high loss company. The CEO and other officers makes very unrealistic approach while making investment in volatile risk stocks. (Colbert, 2014). Complex nature of transactions of the company- The insurance business contains complex transactions like claims made to and by the company, insurance and reinsurance, investments and their returns as per need of the company to pay the insurance maturity are not considered by the people running the company. Rules and Regulations and government decisions increase the audit and business risks as the closure of the industry in California increases the claims of Works men resulting huge liability standing for the company. Deficiencies in Internal Control Policies increases the level of risk and thus the need of assessment of risks to mitigate the risks are high (World Bank, 2006). Accountability Towards Company And Creditors Of Auditor Significant Case Conclusion The auditor accountability arises if the auditor does not apply the all the audit procedures and ethical principles and laid down by Australian Auditing Standard Board. The auditor has liability towards all the users of the financial statements whether they are internal and external and also towards the company as whole and its management along with those charged with governance. The auditor responsibilities towards the Client are listed in the audit engagement letter and are generally related to methods the auditor adopts in finding the frauds and error and material misstatements in the financial statements. The auditor is accountable in terms of making true opinion about the affairs of the client and not sharing any confidential information of the business of the client. The auditor responsibilities towards the creditor arises by the rules and regulation governing the audit and reporting of the auditor. The auditor are bound to accountable to creditors in relation to credit worthin ess and ability to pay due of the company in his reporting. Following are the significant case laws which help in ascertaining the level of accountability of the auditor towards client and creditor: Touche Vs. Ultramares. This is the landmark of the year 1932, in which the accountability of the auditor is establish by the courts of law. The New courts held the auditor liable towards the company as the auditor has not fulfill all his responsibilities while doing audit of the client and before giving reporting about the client. Donoghue Vs. Stevenson 1932. The court held auditor accountable towards the creditors of the company as the auditor is not able find the frauds and not fulfill the requirements laid in international auditing standard relation to auditors responsibility to identify the frauds in the company. The auditor inability to report the inefficiency of the company in payment to creditor make his liability towards the creditor and they can claim damages from auditor as per order of courts. Daniels Vs. AWA Limited. It is the major case of the year 1995, where the auditor has not fulfill his primary responsibilities towards the company as already discussed in the engagement letter before taking up the audit. The failure of reporting to management of the company about weakness of internal control system give born to the claim of damges on auditor by the client (Tata, 2010). Circumstances Of Total Carelessness Of The Auditor Any audit cannot be done without using proper professional values and principles by the auditor. The users of financial reporting also have edge about credibility and consistency of the company if the auditor gives his true and fair opinion about the financial statements of the company. The below are the circumstances where the auditor shows carelessness in comply with his roles and duties: Review of Work- the audit reporting is done without proper review by the partner of audit firm then there seems that auditor is not interested in complying with his duty of giving fair opinion Unreasonable Sampling- the auditor has not done 100% audit due the complex nature of the business of client and also not follow the scientific methods for choosing the samples for auditing Improper Audit Evidence- The auditor is not able take proper documentation in form permanent and temporary audit file which shows that he has not done proper audit. More dependence on the Internal Control system of the company for assessment of correctness of the procedures of the company Non Compliance of AASB principles- where the audit does not act according the rules and regulations governed him in relation to his independence Inadequacy in reporting to the management and those charged with corporate governance about the frauds and errors identified during the audit. Situation in which auditor is professionally uncertain of his acts (Brumfield, 2010) Sign Up Of Previous Person From External Audit Team The performance of the auditor in respect of applicable rules and regulations is called independent external audit and such auditor is not related to the entity under audit. The entity also have edge in signing up with the previous external audit team member and benefits to an entity are listed as follows: Relevant Experience and Knowledge- the previous auditor has necessary experience and knowledge about the policies and procedures of the entity and can easily ascertain the quantum of audit methods to be applied according to the complexity of business of an entity. Better Relationship with employees of an entity- the good relation with employees of the entity helps the employees to report materials facts related to frauds and errors with hesitation to the audit team member. Less cost - As the auditor understand the key areas for which the knowledge is require to be given to audit staff, the cost of training of audit staff is less to an entity. Reward In Including Auditing And Non Auditing Services The Scope Of One Audit Firm To have the increased level of objectivity and reducing the occurrence of situation of self review threat and to main the independence of the auditor it is recommended by the Australian government regulations not to have the audit and non audit service from one audit firm. But increases number of audit and inclusion of professional behavior in the working of audit firm encourages the audit firm to perform both audit and non audit service to have financial security and reducing material misstatements in financial reporting. The following are the rewards for doing so to an entity : Better Knowledge about client- The audit firm will have good knowledge about the affairs of the company and helps in early finding of mistakes in any of the policies and methods of the company Speedy system of Reporting- The audit reporting about the financial and non financial matters can be done in rapid as the auditor need to check in depth about each and every aspect as the audit risk in low. Effective Compliance- If the professional services are taken at lower level only that is accounting level then the entity can effectively comply with the laws related taxation and timely filing in relation different authorities can be done (Verschoor, 2012). Situations Showing Contravention Of Ethical Standards The following are the situations which shows that the Ethical standards has not been properly followed : Employing Same firm for doing Audit and non Audit services- If the same firm performs both the services then the auditor is under situation of checking of his own work, judgment and opinion which is the contravention of Independence of auditor by the having possibility of danger of self review. Extra Assumptions- The same auditor always assumes that the policies on which reporting has been done in previous audit period need not to review this year and his extra assumptions on working of client some time lead to false reporting Better relationship among the audit staff and employees of client results in hurting the integrity of auditor as sometime auditor may do favor to employee by not reporting the mistakes of the employee. Self Interest of auditor and effect in reporting- continuous engagement of audit firm both all the services creates personal interest of auditor in the financial matters of the company which may hamper the reliability and relevance of reporting of the auditor. Suggestions Of Ramsay Report And Clerp 9 The Australian Corporate Law and Economic Reforms 9 which take Ramsay Report as a base for its finding gives the following suggestions for auditor which he has to follow as his moral duty: Inclusion of Remuneration Report in the annual report of the company by the board of directors of the company which shows the policies relating the benefits in financial and non financial terms given to key managerial personnel Increase the involvement of the those charged with corporate governance along with the top level management which helps in having the check on the decision making of top level management Reporting after certain period of time and the gap between to two time intervals will depend on the nature, size and complexity of business of an entity that is full and continuous disclosures by both management and auditor. Quality control review by the regularity bodies in relation to the working of an auditor and audit staff in terms to ensure that the auditor shall follow all the audit procedures in true fair spirit (Robinson, 2003). References: Brumfield, C.A., (2010) Business risk and the audit process.Journal of Accountancy,155(4), pp.60-68. Colbert, J.L., (2014). Inherent risk: An investigation of auditors' judgments.Accounting, Organizations and society,13(2), pp.111-121. Jiangbo X, (2003), HIH Insurance Limited: Corporate Governance and Corporate Excesses, available at https://www.seiofbluemountain.com/upload /product/201010/2010jjfzh05a8.pdf accessed on 04/05/2017. Robinson A, (2003), HIH Report and CLERP 9, available at https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/pdf/ma/focgmay03.pdf accessed on 04/05/2017. Tata MC, (2010), Legal Liability of CPAs, available at https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjK0NmumajTAhUExLwKHWGmBq0QFgghMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wou.edu%2F~beebej%2FBA%2520451%2FChap004.pptusg=AFQjCNGebMKLW15csyn2X3G5e-qmyqHjEAbvm=bv.152479541,d.dGc accessed on 04/05/2017. Verschoor C, (2012), Pros and Cons of using External Auditors for Internal Auditing and Other Services available at https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/pros-and-cons-of-using-external-auditors-for-internal-auditing-and-other-services?full accessed on 04/05/2017. World Bank, (2006), HIH Case Study on Corporate Governance, available at https://www.iaisweb.org/modules/cciais/assets/files/pdf/061004_C1-9_hih_corpgov_round01.pdf accessed on 04/05/2017.

Using an Eng Arguntative Essay Sample

Using an Eng Arguntative Essay SampleIf you're looking for an easy and efficient way to write a good argument, consider a custom essay sample that is written by an expert English teacher. Whether your purpose is to gain insight into how to build and structure an argument or to learn how to craft your own in a variety of writing styles, an argument guide like the Eng Arguntitative Essay Sample will give you step-by-step guidance.Writing essay samples are used to give you a basic guideline to follow when writing and refining your essay. These kinds of guides are specifically designed to be easy to use and offer helpful pointers on how to formulate compelling arguments. This helps you to avoid confusion when writing, making it easier to realize the powerful aspects of the sentence structure that is necessary to develop and build a good argument.A common question asked about using an essay example to start a writing project is whether or not it is plagiarism. There are no rules that proh ibit you from trying to use a guide as a writing tool. However, there are many guidelines that can be followed. Some of these rules include the following:Argumentation does not necessarily need to be written in formal academic terms. This is because most essay guides are intended to show a step-by-step method to crafting persuasive arguments, which means that most of the examples given in them should be easy to understand and relate to. There are also some guides that may require you to use certain technical vocabulary, which is not required by every English teacher in every school. In this case, it is best to use only words and terms that you are familiar with.When writing an essay, English is not the only language that is essential. Before writing an essay, you should do your research to understand the right point of view and tone of communication to use. There are many essay guides available online that are written for different purposes, including but not limited to essay writin g. Be sure to find a guide that you feel comfortable with so that you don't come across as trying to force an agenda on the reader.There are also many arguments for and against using such essays as part of your writing process. When using an essay example, you should always pay attention to the format of the document. You should check out a lot of different essay examples and make sure that it is consistent with the rest of your writing project. It should be formatted well so that you can put together a complete paper that shows the reader how to use the various points and angles of an argument. It is also important to keep the essay objective in mind, so that you do not end up with an overly long or boring argument.Many writers place importance on academic research and argumentative writing ability. Those who are looking to sharpen their writing skills will be interested in learning more about English essay examples. Whether you are doing a general research paper, an essay for an e ssay competition, or if you want to develop an argument for a book manuscript, you can use an example to get a better idea of how the format works and what type of grammar and style should be used.An argumentative essay is not necessary for every writer, but it is very useful for those who are interested in improving their writing skills. For those who wish to hone their abilities, an essay guide can help.

The Tennis Serve Essay Example For Students

The Tennis Serve Essay The tennis serve is the stroke that puts the ball in play and is often referred to as the most important stroke in the game of tennis. It has become a principle weapon of attack and is used to place the opponent on the defensive by forcing a return from the weak side or by moving the receiver out of position. A good strong serve can sometimes be the basis of winning a game of tennis. I have included eight picture sequences to illustrate the tennis serve. Represented in picture A is the stance of the serve. In this part of the serve, the person needs to take a position sideways to the net, about three or four feet to the right center mark behind the baseline. The left foot is two to three inches behind the line, the toes pointing toward the net post. The back foot is parallel to the baseline and spread conformably from the front. We will write a custom essay on The Tennis Serve specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Pictures B and C represent the preparation phase. In these pictures, the execution of the ball toss is performed. The ball toss is the key to a well-executed serve: a good release consistently places the ball in the proper hitting position. A poor release can throw off timing and ultimately cause a bad serve. In pictures D-F the action phase is represented. In picture D of the action phase, the elbow reaches a position slightly higher than the shoulder, then the elbow bends and the racket head drops down behind the back into what is called the back scratching position. In picture E, the ball should be at its maximum height of the toss before striking it. In picture F, the last of the action phase, the movement of striking the ball is explosive in an upward and forward motion until contactPictures G and H represent the follow through. In the follow through the action is performed up and out, not down, in the direction of the intended target area. The follow through is a natural continuation of the stroke. A good follow through will help prepare for the next step in approaching the net for a return. Kinematics is defined as the study of motion. It is compiled of different bodily planes and different joint motions. In the beginning of the serve, during the stance (picture A), the feet are outwardly rotated. The hips and the trunk are extended. The left shoulder is slightly flexed along with the right shoulder and the shoulder girdles are slightly abducted. Both of the wrists are pronated with the elbows slightly flexed. During the preparation (pictures B and C) the feet are still in an outwardly rotated position. The hips slightly abduct with the trunk still in full extension. The shoulders are abducted, with slight elevation of the shoulder girdle. Both elbows are extended, but the right wrist stays in a pronated position and the left wrist is supinated. During the action (pictures D-F) the right foot inwardly rotates along with it performing planter flexion but the left foot stays in an outwardly rotated position. The hips are adducted but then they shift to abduction. The trunk starts in hyperextension then get fully extended and slightly rotate to the left. Both knees flex but the left knee extends while the right knee stays flexed. The left shoulder goes from flexion to extension while the right shoulder performs high diagonal adduction. The left elbow goes from extension to flexion and the right elbow goes from flexion to extension. The left hand goes from supination to pronation while the right hand stays in a pronated position. Finally, during the follow through (pictures G and H) the left foot inwardly rotates along with some planter flexion. The right foot inwardly rotates and goes back to a naturally flat position. Both hips are flexed along with the flexion of the trunk and its rotation. The left shoulder remains in an extended position but the right shoulder follows through with the high diagonal adduction, while both shoulder girdles perform abduction. The right elbow slightly flexes but the left elbow extends. The knees go from flexion to a greater degree of flexion. The kinematics of the tennis serve is a complicated thing, it consist of many laws and principles. One law is the law of inertia and the principles deal with motion, force and projectiles. These laws and principles can be applied to a skill, for example the tennis serve. The first principle deals with stability. This principle consist of smaller groups dealing with mass, friction, height of the center of gravity, position of the center of gravity, and base of support. The mass of the person in pictures A through H is of a certain weight. This mass or weight throughout the serve is considered to be constant. This observation is made because during the tennis serve the person performing the serve cannot gain or loss mass during the serve. Friction can be a major factor in a sport or game. The type of footwear available can help an althea to the point of better counter force when jumping or better traction for different surfaces. A tennis shoe does not need to have great counter force because there is not a lot of jumping but traction is important because of different surfaces like clay, grass, and concrete. Each surface performs differently for each athlete so there should be a traction on the shoe to benefit sprinting forward but also being able to move side to side. Height of center of gravity is one important factor in good equilibrium. In the stance position of the tennis serve (picture A), the height of gravity is in the middle around the navel. This remains constant through the prep phase (picture C), but when the action phase starts (pictures D F) the height of gravity moves up with the extension of the racket arm and trunk. Then in the follow through (picture G, H) height of gravity starts to go down because of the descending motion of the racket arm and trunk. Position of center of gravity is another important part in good equilibrium. In the stance position of the tennis serve (picture A) the position of gravity is about two inches above the belt. Then in the prep phase (picture C) it moves upward about four inches above the navel. Next, in the action phase (pictures D F) center of gravity moves three inches to the right of the navel and about four inches above the navel. In the follow through (picture G, H) the center of gravity is about four inches outside the body parallel to the belt line. Base of support is the area formed by the outer most region of contact between the body and a support surface. During the serve (pictures A D) the base of support is pretty much constant. It is just enough not to fall but good enough to push off of the surface. In picture E the base narrows a little because of the force of pushing off with the left foot. Pictures F and G, the base is wider then narrows and drops down and forward, this is because of momentum pulling the body forward into the follow through. At the end the base of support is narrowed to bring the feet under the body for better equilibrium because the center of gravity is outside the body, this is to keep the body from falling. The first law of kinematics is the law of interia. This law has principles that deal with motion. Translatory motion is defined as motion moving in a straight line. Rotary motion is defined as motion moving in a circle. Combining translatory and rotary motion in the tennis serve is shown by the rotary motion of the racket arm and the motion of the trunk in the follow through. Translatory motion is shown by the stepping forward of the trunk, legs, and partially of the racket arm. Continuity of motion is shown during the action phase (pictures D F) with the tossing of the tennis ball while bringing the racket into a striking position and also extended the trunk and legs. This is all performed at the same time with no pause. If there was pause in any of these motions there would not be enough momentum to create a very effective serve. .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 , .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .postImageUrl , .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 , .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210:hover , .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210:visited , .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210:active { border:0!important; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210:active , .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210 .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u67dfcb6dab35963dfce55fe9adfde210:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Matrix (1018 words) EssayMomentum is the product of a bodys mass and linear velocity. Momentum can be changed by changing direction. To produce an effect of momentum during the serve, since mass is constant, the velocity of the body must be increased. This is done by the extension of the racket arm along with the trunk and moving the center of gravity forward to produce a good momentum in striking the tennis ball, this intern with the racket striking the ball turns it into a force, this force is equal to the momentum of the body. During the action phase of the serve (pictures D F) transfer of momentum is achieved by extending the legs, trunk, and racket arm. This is d one because mass remains constant, so to increase speed the body must become longer to help contribute to the total body momentum. In the tennis serve acceleration is proportional to force because mass in the body of the server is constant. So if the server has a great amount of acceleration then there will be a great amount of force when striking the tennis ball with the racket. Maximum acceleration is achieved by moving the whole body in a forward motion with continuity and timing. There are really no extraneous movements because most movements like the extension of the legs, trunk, racket arm, and the moving forward of the body are all extended to create greater body momentum. Timing is very important and should be practiced because it is probably the hardest thing to get down to create maximum acceleration and effective motion. In the serve the bodys radius is lengthened so according to the principle the rotation is shortened during the follow through phase, this is because with a lengthened radius the body has more area to cover. This is sacrificed because greater momentum to where the ball must be hit is more important then rotational speed. This is illustrated in the action phase (pictures D F) with the extension of the legs, trunk and racket arm. This shows the lengthening of the bodys radius. During the action phase of the serve never unsupported as seen in the pictures D F. Both feet seem to be on the ground in constant support of the body, so this principle does not apply to this particular serve. Although some people might actually, force a split second, become airborne during the serve, then this principle would apply. There are three major surface variations in tennis all with different counter force. Clay is the first surface, although it is somewhat soft is does not contain good counter force because it has a bad coefficient of restitution, which means it does not bounce back to original shape very well. Clay is also somewhat slippery so players must slide to position to hit the ball. Grass is another form of surface variation, it is also somewhat soft and does not have a very good coefficient of restitution but it is better then clay. Grass also has a degree slipperiness and also requires the sliding into position. Finally, concrete is the last surface variation, it has no counter force because there is no give and no coefficient of restitution but concrete is not as slippery as the other two surfaces. During the action phase of the tennis serve (pictures D F), the direction of counter force is projected down and back which in turn propels the server up and forward. This is done in a perpendicular manner to the surface so there will be no slippage. When the racket strikes the ball there are counter forces. When the ball is in contact with the racket, the racket has momentum but there is one possibility in the make of the racket to help contribute to counter force. If a player has a stiff racket with loss strings the give of the racket is not as great as the strings but when both their coefficients of restitution are activated, they perform in created more force for the striking of the ball. The ball itself also has a coefficient of restitution to help propel itself off the racket. The player also must have a firm grip at impact to reduce of eliminate give at the grip. Temporarily stored counter force can be found in many parts of the tennis serve. For one, the ball itself has it own ability to spring back to original shape, this all depends on the make of the ball. Next is the racket and the strings, each have a coefficient of restitution which results in temporarily stored counter force. A stiff racket like tightly wound strings have high restitution unlike a flexible racket and loss strings. Finally the shoes an athlete wears can have stored counter force depending on make and material. In the tennis serve as observed in pictures D F, during the sticking motion both feet are in contact with the ground to provide maximum to the ball, even though the bodies extended and looks like it could go airborne. Total force is equal to the sum of the forces of each body segment contributing to the act, if the forces are applied in a single direction and in the proper sequence with correct timing. If the variables sequence, timing, and direction are not all applied correctly together the total force will be minimal. During the action phase, pictures D-F, in the tennis serve total force is achieved by the extension of the arms, legs and trunk along with the timing of the movement of the racket arm in striking the ball, and also the leaning forward of the body. Force applications should be constant and as even as possible. The force applications should be this way so that maximum force can be used to overcome the resistance of gravity and air or water, and minimum force can be us ed to overcome inertia. The relationship between constant force over a greater distance and resulting velocity is a positive one. When the distance over which a force is applied increases, so does the velocity. During the prep phase, pictures A-C, the extension of the racket arm is done to create the distance in which greater velocity will occur and this resulting in a greater striking force of the tennis ball. Resulting movement depends on the direction and magnitude of the acting forces. If two of these forces act in the same general direction, the direction of the resulting force is somewhere between the two, and the magnitude of the resulting force is more than either, but not as much as the total of the two contributing forces. During the action phase, pictures D-F, the force of the arm, body and racket hitting the ball forward along with gravity pulling it downward, the balls flight, although going forward is also going down. This path of the ball is the between result of the two forces acting upon it. The relationship of muscle length and resulting force is that, the longer the muscle is, the greater the increase in force of that muscle. During the prep phase, pictures A-C, the muscles in the body and the racket arm are tensed or put on stretch to increase the length of the muscle to produce greater force. The relationship of linear speed to lever length is positive. This means that when a lever gets longer the linear speed gets faster, thus increasing the striking force. During the action phase, pictures D-F, the extension of the levers of the body and racket arm increases the linear speed, resulting in greater striking force of the tennis ball. .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e , .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .postImageUrl , .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e , .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e:hover , .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e:visited , .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e:active { border:0!important; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e:active , .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u67db1a3465e532db8c5372f777d61e1e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The New Liberal Arts EssayEmphasis on proper follow through eliminates the tendency to decelerate a throwing or striking action prior to its completion. Some other benefits of a proper follow through would be to maintain balance and to protect the joint by gradually slowing the body parts. In any case, once contact is broken with the object, follow through actions has no influence on the flight of the object. There are some external forces that can be used to benefit performance, like water resistance, friction, gravity, and air resistance. Having the correct shoe for the correct playing surface can be very helpful because it could help reduce friction resulting in greater speed. Using gravity and air resistance when striking the tennis ball could be used in the placing of the ball to make it harder for the opponent to hit it. The relationship of air/water resistance and velocity is that if the velocity at which a body travels is increased by two, the air/water resistance against it will increase by four. During the action phase, pictures D-F, when the tennis ball travels at a certain speed the air resistance is squared. This intern can affect the flight of the ball. Centrifugal force is only experienced during a rotational (angular) or curvilinear motion. It results from the tendency for an object to continue in a straight line instead of a curved path. It is counteracting by forces (usually muscular) which, if effective, equal or exceed the centrifugal force and tend to maintain the object to continue in its curved path. This counteracting force is centripetal force. In the case of a freely moving body, as velocity increases, centrifugal force increases. Additional weight also increases centrifugal force. The smaller the radius of a curved path, the greater the centrifugal force with the same velocity. During the action phase, pictures D-F, the half circle motion of the racket arm, when in the process of hitting the ball, wants to go in a straight line but the muscles keep it from doing that. Instead, it brings the racket around to strike the ball at the peak height of the ball toss. A force from a blow can be diminished by distributing the force over either a greater time (and distance) or area, or both. During the action phase, pictures D-F, the size of the racket head determines the distributing of the force of the tennis ball. The bigger the racket head the more the force of the ball is diminished. In catching an object, the objects momentum is dissipated by eccentric muscular contractions allowing the joints to move through controlled flexion; and while momentum is being reduced, body parts flex to grasp the object securely. This principle is not found in the tennis serve because there is no object being caught. If the application is directly through the projectiles center of gravity, only linear motion results from the force. As the projecting force is moved farther from the center of gravity, rotary motion of the object increases at the expense of linear motion. If the force is below the objects center of gravity, backspin results. If the force is above the objects center of gravity, topspin results. The striking of the ball above or below its center of gravity which can intern result in topspin or backspin which can change the direction of the ball when it hits the court and also in the air. The force of gravity on a object starts to diminish its vertical velocity as soon as contact is broken. The factors that determine how soon gravity will cause the object to descend are weight, amount of force driving it upward, and the effect of air resistance on the object. The relationship of speed and air resistance is that as speed increases air resistance plays a more significant role. Objects that are less dense and streamlined are influenced less by air resistance, and the less surface area an object presents, the less will be the effect of air resistance on the object. The tennis ball being somewhat small, round, hollow, and fuzzy, makes it less dense, more streamlined, and it presents less surface area. This all intern makes the tennis ball a pretty streamlined. The optimal angle for maximum distance when the beginning and end points are at the same level is 45 degrees. The effects of a less than optimal angle results in little distance. The effect of a greater then optimal angle can also result in little distance. When starting points are above or below ending points, reduce angle to get maximum distance. Since the greatest angle for projection is 45 degrees, the tennis serve is struck downward as close to 45 degrees as possible. The relationship of the angle of incidence to the angle of reflection is equal. This means that the angle at which the object approaches a surface is equal to the angle at which it leaves that surface. The factors that could change this would be irregular shapes of the two colliding surfaces, the force resulting from elasticity of the object, and the spin of the object both during and after contact. If all else is constant , the angle the tennis ball hits the ground is the angle it will project of the ground. Also in tennis spin will effect the angle. A highly elastic object will quickly spring back to its original shape after being compressed. The compression of the tennis ball is somewhat moderate but there is also what is called a high compression ball on the market. The elasticity is really high because the ball is made out of rubber, which has a good restitution. The greatest rebound results from a moderately compressed ball with high elasticity. For tennis, a stiff racket and loose strings will produce the greatest elasticity of the ball because the racket if loose does not have great restitution as well as the strings do. Also the ball is highly compressed and has a lot of elasticity to it, to help propel it fast. An object propelled without spin tends to waver because of air resistance against the objects irregular surface. A small amount of spin on an object produces a stabilizing effect which tends to hold it on its line of flight. Increased spin will tend to cause the object to curve in the same direction as the spin because of unequal air pressure cause by the spinning. During the serve or contact with the ball spin is added to the ball to throw the opponent off guard. The effect of the spin is to make the opponent change direction very quickly. To cause an object to spin in the desired direction, the striking implement should be drawn across the object in the direction of the desired spin. Topspin is caused by an implement striking forward-upward. Backspin is produced when the strike is made forward-downward. In the serve topspin is added to draw the ball out or make it jump up. Backspin is added to make the ball fall short, so to make the opponent run to the net. Topspin causes a lower angle of rebound, a longer bounce, and more roll. Backspin causes a higher angle of rebound, a shorter bounce, and less roll. In the serve these spins are used to throw the opponent off guard and to make them make a quick decision and mess up. The effects on a vertical surface are different than on a horizontal surface. Topspin causes a higher rebound , backspin causes a lower rebound, right spin causes a rebound to the left, and left spin causes a rebound to the right. Tennis serve does not happen on a vertical surface at all. The serve is the most important part of tennis, it starts the game and sets the tone for the match. Many of the professionals today have mastered most of theses principles, and these principles can be seen by just watching a match by a valid tennis player. BiomechanicsThe Tennis Serve.